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(Anhedonia)
(Depressive Stupor).
20%
46%
DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
Understanding Symptoms, Causes, and Comprehensive Management
Dr.
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Tamil Psychiatry Journal, Vol-2, Issue-2, Apr-Jun 2026, Page 20-23
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Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Dopamine,
Acetylcholine, GABA
Hypothyroidism,
Cushing’s disease,
Addison's disease
SSRI - Antidepressant
Fluoxetine, Paroxetine, Escitalopram, Sertraline
SSRI
SSRI
SSRI
Mirtazapine
SNRI
Venlafaxine
Duloxetine
SNRI
BP-
SNRI
Antidepressant
Antidepressant
Lithium
Thyroxine
Psychosis
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ECT:
Psychosis
ECT
ECT
ECT
ECT
Psychotherapy / Counselling:
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy:
Cognitive Therapy
Behaviour Therapy
Interpersonal Therapy:
Interpersonal Therapy
Family Therapy:
Family Therapy
ISSN (ONLINE): 3107-7862
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References:
1. Read, J. R., Sharpe, L., Modini, M., & Dear, B. F. (2017). Multimorbidity and depression: A systematic review and
meta-analysis. Journal of affective disorders, 221, 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.009
2. Vas, C., Jain, A., Trivedi, M., Jha, M. K., & Mathew, S. J. (2023). Pharmacotherapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression:
Antidepressants and Atypical Antipsychotics. The Psychiatric clinics of North America, 46(2), 261–275.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2023.02.012
3. Salk, R. H., Hyde, J. S., & Abramson, L. Y. (2017). Gender differences in depression in representative national samples:
Meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms. Psychological bulletin, 143(8), 783–822.
https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000102
4. Fox, M. E., & Lobo, M. K. (2019). The molecular and cellular mechanisms of depression: a focus on reward
circuitry. Molecular psychiatry, 24(12), 1798–1815. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0415-3
5. Sampogna, G., Del Vecchio, V., Giallonardo, V., Luciano, M., & Fiorillo, A. (2020). Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and
Therapeutic Implications of Agitated Depression. The Psychiatric clinics of North America, 43(1), 47–57.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2019.10.011
6. Dubovsky, S. L., Ghosh, B. M., Serotte, J. C., & Cranwell, V. (2021). Psychotic Depression: Diagnosis, Differential
Diagnosis, and Treatment. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 90(3), 160–177. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511348
7. Swainson, J., Reeson, M., Malik, U., Stefanuk, I., Cummins, M., & Sivapalan, S. (2023). Diet and depression: A
systematic review of whole dietary interventions as treatment in patients with depression. Journal of affective
disorders, 327, 270–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.094
8. Maier, A., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Pabst, A., & Luppa, M. (2021). Risk factors and protective factors of depression in older
people 65+. A systematic review. PloS one, 16(5), e0251326. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251326
9. Hsieh M. H. (2023). Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment-resistant depression. Progress in brain research, 281,
69–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2023.01.004
