ISSN (ONLINE): 3107-7862
jkpo; irf;fpahl;hp [h;dy; Vg;uy;-[_d; 2026
31
18
30
70
Positive Symptoms:
Hallucinations:
(Hallucination)
Hallucination
Auditory Hallucination:
Auditory Hallucination
(Running
Commentary)
Command Hallucination
Schizophrenia
Aetiology, Symptomatology and Suicidal risk
Dr.
kNf\; uh[Nfhghy;
MBBS, MRC Psych.(UK),
kdey kUj;Jth;> mwk; kUj;Jtkid> jpUr;rp.
Tamil Psychiatry Journal, Vol-2, Issue-2, Apr-Jun 2026, Page 31-35
ISSN (ONLINE): 3107-7862
jkpo; irf;fpahl;hp [h;dy; Vg;uy;-[_d; 2026
32
(Second Person Hallucination)
(Third
Person Hallucination)
(Thought echo).
Visual Hallucination:
Visual Hallucination
Tactile Hallucination:
Tactile
Hallucination
Delusions:
Delusions
Paranoid Delusion:
Paranoid
Delusion
Delusional Misinterpretation:
Delusional Misinterpretation
Grandiose Delusion:
Grandiose Delusion
Grandiose
Delusion
Somatic Delusion
Delusion of Reference:
ISSN (ONLINE): 3107-7862
jkpo; irf;fpahl;hp [h;dy; Vg;uy;-[_d; 2026
33
Erotomanic Delusion:
Formal thought disorder:
Formal Thought Disorder
.Negative Symptoms:
Negative symptoms
Aetiology
10%
40%
100%
40-50%
108
DISC1
NRG1, DTNBP1,
KNCNH2, AKT1
RGS4
Dutch)
5
15
17
ISSN (ONLINE): 3107-7862
jkpo; irf;fpahl;hp [h;dy; Vg;uy;-[_d; 2026
34
24
Suicide Risk in Schizophrenia:
40%
10%
1971-
Hallucination
Delusion
Psychosis
72%
3.5
3.7
Depression/Stress
Psychosis
ISSN (ONLINE): 3107-7862
jkpo; irf;fpahl;hp [h;dy; Vg;uy;-[_d; 2026
35
References:
1. Rantala, M. J., Luoto, S., Borráz-León, J. I., & Krams, I. (2022). Schizophrenia: The new etiological
synthesis. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 142, 104894.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104894
2. Howes, O. D., McCutcheon, R., Owen, M. J., & Murray, R. M. (2017). The Role of Genes, Stress, and
Dopamine in the Development of Schizophrenia. Biological psychiatry, 81(1), 9–20.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.07.014
3.
Wahbeh, M. H., & Avramopoulos, D. (2021). Gene-Environment Interactions in Schizophrenia: A
Literature Review. Genes, 12(12), 1850. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12121850
4. Moniem, I., & Kafetzopoulos, V. (2025). Sex differences in schizophrenia: symptomatology, treatment
efficacy and adverse effects. Frontiers in psychiatry, 16, 1594334.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1594334
5. Ferrer-Quintero, M., Verdaguer-Rodriguez, M., Esteban Sanjusto, M., Serra-Arumí, C., Usall, J., Ochoa,
S., Bighelli, I., & García-Mieres, H. (2022). Sex differences in symptomatology in people with
schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders: protocol for a systematic review and pairwise meta-
analysis of observational studies. BJPsych open, 8(6), e194. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2022.596
6.
Sher, L., & Kahn, R. S. (2019). Suicide in Schizophrenia: An Educational Overview. Medicina (Kaunas,
Lithuania), 55(7), 361. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55070361
7.
Liang, Y., Wu, M., Zou, Y., Wan, X., Liu, Y., & Liu, X. (2023). Prevalence of suicide ideation, self-harm,
and suicide among Chinese patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-
analysis. Frontiers in public health, 11, 1097098. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1097098
8. Kumar, P., Sharma, N., Ghai, S., & Grover, S. (2019). Perception about Marriage among Caregivers of
Patients with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 41(5), 440–
447. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_18_19
9. Ran, M. S., Wong, Y. I., Yang, S. Y., Ho, P. S., Mao, W. J., Li, J., & Chan, C. L. (2017). Marriage and
outcomes of people with schizophrenia in rural China: 14-year follow-up study. Schizophrenia
research, 182, 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.10.034
